Animal repellent methods using substituted cyclohexyl ureas

ABSTRACT

WHEREIN A is oxygen or sulfur, R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl and tricycloalkyl. Typical is 1-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)-urea useful as an animal repellent.   Repelling animals with compounds of the formula:

United States Patent Knowles June 20, 1972 [54] ANIMAL REPELLENT METHODS USING SUBSTITUTED CYCLOHEXYL UREAS [72] Inventor:

[73] Assignee:

Richard N. Knowles, Hockessin, Del.

E. l. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.

[22] Filed: Oct. 24, 1968 [2]] Appl. No.: 770,450

Related US. Application Data v [60] Division of Ser. No. 635,307, April 2t), 1967, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 574,499, Aug. 18,

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,269,901 8/1966 Schnell' ..424/322 Primary Examiner-Benjamin R. Padgett ArromeyHerbert W. Larson v ABSTRACT Repelling animals with compounds of the formula:

X H A H Y Z wherein A is oxygen or sulfur, R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkyl and tricycloalkyl.

Typical is l-phenyl-3-( cis-4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)- urea useful as an animal repellent.

9 Claims, No Drawings ANIMAL REPELLENT METI'IODSUSING SUBSTITUTED CYCLOI'IEXYL UREAS CROSS-REFERENCE This application is a divisional of my copending application Ser. No. 635,307, filed Apr. 20, I967 which in turn is a continuation-in-part of my application Ser. No. 574,499, filed Aug. 18, I966.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION US. patent application Ser. No. 532,544, filed Mar. 1, I966 discloses cyclohexyl compounds which are useful animal repellents. I have now discovered another class of compounds containing cyclohexyl ring structures which are also useful animal repellants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to substituted cyclohexylureas.

More specifically this invention refers to l-aryl-3-(4-higher alkyl substituted cyclohexyl)ureas and thioureas, compositions containing them and methods of applying them to animals.

Potent animal inhalation irritant effects are achieved by applying to animals or their habitat, compounds of the formula:

I X Hr Y H z R-C wherein A is oxygen or sulfur;

R is alkyl of three through eight carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of four through nine carbon atoms, cycloalkylalkyl of five through 10 carbon atoms, bicycloalkyl of seven through 10 carbon atoms, or tricycloalkyl of IO through It carbon atoms; I

X, Y, and Z can be the same or different andare hydrogen, halogen, nitro, alkyl of one through three carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, cyano or alkoxy of one through three carbon atoms.

Substitutions on the cyclohexyl ring must be in the cis configuration to obtain optimum irritant effects.

Most preferred because of high irritant effects at a low use rate is I-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclohexylmethyl-cyclohexyl)urea. Utility Compounds of this invention cause potent irritation to animal tissue, particularly to the mucous membranes.

Animals exposed to the above compounds show signs of severe respiratory irritation and are quickly incapacitated. These compounds have two advantages over currently used riot control agents such as ortho-chIoro-benzylidenemalonitrile (CS) and 2-chloroacetophenone (CN). One, the compounds are more potent at low concentrations and two, provide residual activity over longer periods of time.

Compounds of this invention and particularly I-phenyl-3- (cis-4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea have potential use'as riot control agents, dog repellents, deer repellents, rodent repellents and for contaminating caves or underground tunnels.

I Preparation The amine and isocyanate are carefully mixed into stirring benzene. The solution is then refluxed for several hours to ensure completion of the reaction. Since isocyantes react with water, the reaction system must be kept dry. The benzene is then evaporated in vacuum and the residual ureas are purified by recrystallization.

Depending on themethod .of synthesis of the starting amine,

the cisztrans ratio of the urea product ranges from I:3 to'3zl.

The isomer mixture can be used as an irritant without separation'of the isomers.

Synthesis Route B a II v H NH 1-1 S The preparation of the isocyanates or isothiocyanates of reaction II is performed by the addition of the desired amine to a cold toluene solution containing a 10 percent excess of phosgene or thiophosgene. The ,carbamyl or thiocarbamyl chloride complex precipitates. The stirring slurry is slowly heatedto reflux; reflux is continued untiltheslurry completely dissolves, and no-more hydrogen chloride gas'isevolved. The intermediate isocyanate or isothiocyanate can be isolated by distillation, or used, as is, in the toluene solution after its concentration has been determined.

The procedure for reactionlll is similar to-that for reaction I above.

The compounds of this invention are white crystalline materials which are easily purified by recrystallization from conventional solvents. If desired, the cis and trans. isomers can be separated by chromatography over silicic acid using chloroform as eluant. The ratio of silicic' acid to compound is 50:1.-

Cyclohexylamine' Intermediates The cyclohexylamine intermediates used for the preparation of the compounds of formula (I) are prepared by the following synthesis routes. R is as defined in formula I).

IV 0 v A10]: 1]: RC 01 R KOH 110.. R-CH2 NzH4 VII

P1; Rom 420211 3H2 Q omconzt nomQ-conr H2SH4 RCHz C02H NaNg The Friedel-Crafts reaction (IV) is run by Carefully adding the acid chloride to a stirring mixture of aluminum chloride and benzene. A slight molar excess of catalyst is used; benzene serves as both a solvent and reactant. The acid chloride is added at a rate sufficient to keep the temperature of the slurry at about 3040 C. The mixture is stirred for 1 additional hour afterall of the acid chloride is added, and then water is slowly added to decompose the catalyst. Sufficient water is added so that all the solids are dissolved. The phenylalkyl ketone is isolated from the benzene solution and is purified by distillation.

The Wolff-Kishner reduction (v) is run in 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol using a modification of the procedure given by .l. Cason, et al. in Organic Synthesis, Collective Vol. IV, John Wiley and Sons, New York, (1963), p. 510. Once the reactants are mixed, they are heated to reflux for a period of 3 to 5 hours. The reflux temperature is generally in the 130-l4 C. range. After completion of the reflux period, the solution is cooled and poured into three to four volumes of water. The alkylbenzene product is extracted with pentane and purified by distillation.

The Friedel-Crafts reaction (V1) is run by mixing approximately equimolar quantities of the reactants together in hexane or nitromethaneat less than C. The stirring mixture is slowly allowed to warm to room temperature, and after hydrogen chloride evolution subsides, the mixture is'refluxed several hours. Water is then added slowly to decompose the catalyst. A sufficient quantity of water is then added so that all of the solids are dissolved. The desired acetophenone derivative is isolated from the organic phase, and purified by distillation.- Gas-liquid chromatography on an F & M Model 500 Gas Chromatographer using a 2 feet X V4 inch O.D. stainless steel column, containing percent'Carbowax M on 60-80 mesh Diatoport T indicates that about 98 percent of the 'acetophenone is the 1,4 isomer and 2 percent is the 1,2

isomer. The 1,2 isomer has the shorter retention time.

The haloform reaction (Vll) is run by slowly adding a cold 5 C.) sodium hypochlorite solution to a stirring solution of the acetophenone derivative in methanol. This is a modification of the procedure used by E. E. Royals (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 841 (1947) for the haloform reaction of a-ionone. After the sodium hypochlorite solution is added, the mixture is warmed to room temperature, and left standing overnight. Thereafter, the mixture is heated to reflux, and the distillate collected until the pot temperature rises to 9597 C.; most of the methanol is distilled. The pot is then cooled to room temperature. In those reactions where R has a low molecular weight radical such as butyl, the sodium benzoate derivative remains dissolved; however, if R is a high molecular weight radical such as octyl, the sodium benzoate derivative precipitates as a coapy solid. Sulfur dioxide is bubbled into the alkaline pot concentrate until the pH drops below 3. The precipitated benzoic acid derivative is either filtered and washed with water, or extracted with methylene chloride depending on whether or not the benzoic acid is easily filterable or is of a soapy nature. Some of these benzoic acid derivatives LII can be recrystallized from acetonitrile or pentane, and some are purified merely by trituration with cold pentane.

The catalytic hydrogenation (VIII) is performed at two to three atmospheres of hydrogen using platinum oxide as catalyst and glacial acetic acid as solvent. A Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus is suitable for these reactions. This reaction produces a cis/trans isomer mixture of about 2 or 3/1. The cis and trans designation refers to the relationship of the 4-alkyl substituent and carboxylic acid group on the cyclohexane The Schmidt reaction (1X) is performed by dissolving the cyclohexane carboxylic acid derivative in a mixture of chloroform and concentrated sulfuric acid. Sodium azide is then added in small portions to the stirring mixture at a rate sufficient to keep the reaction temperature between 35 and 45 C. The mixture is stirred at about 45 to 50 C until the bubbling nearly stops (1 to 3 hours). The mixture is then transferred to a separatory funnel, and the lower, gelatinous sulfuric acid, layer is slowly dripped onto ice. The amine sulfate precipitates as a soapy material which slowly crystallizes. The chloroform should be kept away from the ice water mixture since it makes the work-up much more difficult. Those amines which crystallize as the hemi-sulfates or sulfates are filtered and washed with water. It is convenient to store these amines as their salts. Those amine salts which fail to crystallize are converted to the free bases by making the sulfuric acid solution alkaline, and extractingthe amine with dichloromethane. The amine is then purified by distillation. The Schmidt reaction proceeds without changing the cis/trans product ratio.

An alternative synthesis route for these amines can be used when the appropriately substituted. aniline derivatives are available. This route is illustrated below.

RCHQ-Nm am RCIHGNH:

The hydrogenation (X) can be performed on a Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus using platinum oxide as catalyst and glacial acetic acid as solvent. The cis/trans ratio of the cyclohexylamine product is about 1:1.

Compositions Compounds of this invention can be administered alone, but are generally contained in a composition with an inert diluent non toxic to animals. The diluent selected dependson the route of administration.

Emulsifying agents can be used with the'diluent and compound of Formula I to aid in dispersion of the active ingredient. Emulsifying agents that could be used include alkylaryl polyethoxy alcohols, alkyl and alkylaryl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol or sorbitan fatty esters, polyethylene glycol fatty esters, fatty alkylol amide condensates, amine salts of fatty alcohol sulfates plus long chain alcohols and oil soluble petroleum sulfonates.

The amount of emulsifying agent in the composition will range from 0.1 to 20 percent by weight. I

Since the compounds of the present invention would generally be administered by vapor or spray application, the compositions will contain a liquid diluent such as water, acetone, hexane, gasoline, kerosene, other hydrocarbon oils, alcohols or other liquids generally used in pharmaceutical preparations.

The amount of active ingredient in the composition will vary from 0.005 percent by weight to 95 percent or even higher. However, the diluent will generally constitute the major proportion of the composition and the amount of active ingredient will be less than 50 percent by weight. The exact concentration of the active ingredient will depend on the mechanism used for administration and will be easily understood by one knowledgeable in pharmaceutical application rates. Application A quantity of active ingredient sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue is 50 to 4,000 micrograms per liter of air at exposure of 1 minute. A quantity of 100 to 4,000 micrograms per liter of air at exposure of 1 minute is preferred. Rates of over 6,000 micrograms per liter of air at exposure of 1 minute kills 50 percent of the mice which are treated.

The following additional examples are provided to more clearly illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 A solution of 18 grams (0.15 mole) of phenylisocyanate in 200 milliliters of benzene is treated with stirring with grams (0.15 mole) of 4-cyclohexylmethyl-cyclohexylamine. The reactants are refluxed for 3 hours, and then the benzene is evaporated in vacuum. The crystalline residue is recrystallized from acetonitrile giving pure l-phenyl-3-(4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea as white crystals, m.p. 144-146 C.

Calcd. for C H N O: C, 76.4; H, 9.6; N, 8.9%. Found: C, 76.8;H, 9.6; N, 9.0%.

Mice are treated by aerosol exposure to the 1-phenyl-3(4- cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea in the following manner: The compound is administered as an aerosol into a 2.8-liter chamber. The exposure chamber consists of a 2.8-liter bell jar over a nebullizer inserted through the floor of the chamber. Mice are exposed for 5 minutes to'200.0 micrograms per liter (1,000 Ct). The compound is dissolved in 1.4 ml. of acetone and during a span of 20 seconds the compound is sprayed up into the chamber. No further air is transferred into or out of the chamber during the five minute exposure.

After this exposure, irritant effects are observed in all mice exposed. The mice used as controls exposed to 1.4 ml. of acetone exhibit no irritant effects. Irritant effects can be described as the presence of one or more of the following reactive signs:

a. hyperemia of the ears, nose, and tail b. abnormal gait, including rubbing of the nose on the floor while running about c. blinking d. salivation e. depression f. dyspnea g. hunched posture EXAMPLES 2-16 The following compounds are made in the manner of the 1- phenyl-3-(4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea of Example 1 by substituting like molar amounts of the appropriate isocyanate and amine starting materials. The compounds are formulated and applied in like manner to provide like results.

2. lp-chlorophenyl-3-(4-cyclopentylmethylcyclohexyl)urea. 3. 1-m-nitrophenyl-3-(4-n-hexylcyclohexyl)urea. 4. l-m-trifluoromethylphenyl-3-(4-n-butylcyclohexyl)urea.

5. 1-p-nitraphenyl-3-(4-cyclooctylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

6. l-3-nitro-4-chlorophenyl-3-(4-cyclohexy1methylcyclohexyl)-thiourea.

7. 1-p-tolyl-3-(4-n-nonylcyclohexyl)urea.

8. 1-m-ethylphenyl-3-(4-(5-ethyloctyl)cyclohexyl)urea.

9. 1-p-methoxyphenyl-3-(4-cycloheptylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

10. 1-p-propoxylphenyl-3-(4-n-pentylcyclohexyl)thiourea.

1 1. 1-p-cyanophenyl-3-(4-cyclobutylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

l2. l-o-chlorapheny1-3-(4-iso-butylcyclohexyl)urea.

13. l-phenyl-3-(4-n-butylcyc1ohexyl)urea.

l4. l-phenyl-3-(4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)thiourea.

l5. l-p-cumyl-3-(4-n-decylhexyl)urea.

l6. 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-cyclononylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

17. l-Phenyl-3-(4-(2-[2.2.1]-bicyclohepth1methyl)cyclohexyl)urea.

18. 1-Phenyl-37(4-(2-[3.3.1]-bicyclonony1- methyl)cyclohexyl)urea.

19. 1-Phenyl-3-(4-(2-methylpentyl)cyclohexyl)urea.

20. 1-Phenyl-3-(4-(3-cyclopentylpropyl)cyclohexyl)urea.

21. 1-Phenyl-3-(4-(1-adamantylmethy1)cyclohexyl)urea.

22. 1-Pheny1-3-(4-( l-homoadamantylmethyl)cyclohexyl)ur EXAMPLE 23 Thiophosgene (13 grams; 0.11 mole) is added to milliliters of toluene at 10 C. This cold solution is then treated with 4-cyc1ohexylmethylcyclohexylamine (19.5 grams; 0.1 mole). The thiocarbamyl chloride complex precipitates. The stirring slurry is gradually heated to reflux and reflux is continued until no more hydrogen chloride gas is evolved. The toluene is distilledoff, and the residual 4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexylisothiocyanate is distilled at 1 16 C. at 0.3 millimeters of mercury.

Calcd. for C H NS: C, 70.9; H, 9.8; N, 5.9; S, 13.5%: Mol. wt. 237.44. Found: C, 70.8; H, 9.6; N, 6.1; S, 13.6%: Mol. wt. 238. I

The 4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexylisothiocyanate cis and trans isomers have retention times of 30.7 and 34.7 minutes respectively analyzed on an F & M Model 500 Gas Chromatograph using a 2 feet X V4 inch O.D. stainless steel column containing 10 percent Carbowax 20M on 60-80 mesh Diatoport T at a column temperature of 215 C., ablock temperature of 340 C., an injection port temperature of 290 C., and a He flow rate of 60 cc./min. The cisztrans ratio ranges from 1:3 to 3:1 depending on the method of synthesis of the 4-cyclohexylmethyl-cyclohexylamine.

EXAMPLES 24-45 The following isothiocyanates and isocyanates used in.

39. 4-(2-[2.2.l l-Bicycloheptylmethyl)cyclohexyliso cyanate.

cyanate.

4 l. 4-(2-[3.2.l ]-Bicyclooctylmethyl)cyclohexylisocyanate,

42. 4-(2-[3.3.l ]-Bicyclononylmethyl)cyclohexylisocyanate,

43. 4-( l-Adamantylmethyl)cyclohexylisocyanate.

44. 4-(l-Adamantylmethyl)cyclohexylisothiocyanate. 45.

4-( l -Homadamantylmethyl)cyclohexylisocyanate.

EXAMPLE 46 4-( 2-[ 3 .2.0]-Bicycloheptylmethyl)cyclohexyliso EXAMPLE 47 A test chamber, comprising a plastic rectangular box of 65 liters, is filled with an aerosol spray of l-phenyl-3-(4- cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea. The spray is administered 2 cm. above an immobilized rabbit, and 3 cm. distant from the end of the nose. The aerosol is aimed directly at the rabbit. Administration of compound takes approximately 1 minute. At 5,000 Ct (5 minutes), the rabbit exhibited lacrimation, nasal exudate, face pawing, and constant head shaking. After several minutes, the eyes became static after periods of blinking. Dyspnea continued for 2 hours after exposure.

lclaim:

1. Method of repelling animals comprising applying to an area to be protected from animals in an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue, a compound of the formula:

i Z M Y wherein one through three carbon atoms.

2. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein R is cycloalkyl of four through nine carbon atoms in the compound applied.

3. Method of repelling animals according to claim I wherein R is cyclohexyl in the compound applied.

4. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein A is oxygen in the compound applied.

5. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein R is cyclohexyl and A is oxygen in the compound applied.

6. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein X, Y, and Z are hydrogen in the compound applied. 7

7. Method of repelling animals comprising applying. to an area to be protected from animals in an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue, l-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

8. Method of repelling animals comprising applying to an area to be protected from animals in an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue, 1-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclobutylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.

9. An animal irritant composition comprising a major amount of an inert diluent non-toxic to animals and ,an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue of a compound of the formula: v Y

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur; R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of three through eight carbon atoms, cycloalk l of four through nine carbon atoms, cycloalkylal 'yl of we through 10 carbon atoms, bicycloalkyl of seven through 10 carbon atoms and tricycloalkyl of 10 through ll carbon atoms;

X, Y, and Z are separately selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, alkyl of one through three carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, cyano and alkoxy of one through three carbon atoms. 1

R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl of three through eight carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of four through nine carbon atoms, cycloalkylalkyl of five through 10 carbon atoms, bicycloalkyl of seven through 10 carbon atoms and tricycloalkyl of 10 through ll carbon atoms;

X, Y, and Z are separately selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ahlogen, nitro, alkyl of one through three carbon atoms, trifluoromethyl, cyano and alkoxy of one through three carbon atoms.

* a: a: a 

2. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein R is cycloalkyl of four through nine carbon atoms in the compound applied.
 3. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein R is cyclohexyl in the compound applied.
 4. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein A is oxygen in the compound applied.
 5. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein R is cyclohexyl and A is oxygen in the compound applied.
 6. Method of repelling animals according to claim 1 wherein X, Y, and Z are hydrogen in the compound applied.
 7. Method of repelling animals comprising applying to an area to be protected from animals in an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue, 1-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclohexylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.
 8. Method of repelling animals comprising applying to an area to be protected from animals in an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue, 1-phenyl-3-(cis-4-cyclobutylmethylcyclohexyl)urea.
 9. An animal irritant composition comprising a major amount of an inert diluent non-toxic to animals and an amount sufficient to cause irritation to animal tissue of a compound of the formula: 